Energy has an important role in achieving social, economic, and environment for sustainable development, as well as a supporter of national economic activity. Energy use in Indonesia increased considerably in line with economic growth and population growth. Meanwhile, access to reliable and affordable energy is a major prerequisite for improving people's living standards.
To meet the growing energy needs, the development of a variety of alternative energy, including renewable energy. The potential of renewable energy, such as biomass, geothermal, solar energy, water energy, wind energy and ocean energy, until now there has been much used, but renewable energy potential in Indonesia is very large.
Solar energy is one energy that is currently being actively developed by the Government of Indonesia.
General Conditions
As a tropical country, Indonesia has the potential of solar energy is quite large. Based on the solar radiation data collected from 18 locations in Indonesia, the solar radiation in Indonesia can be classified in a row as follows: for the western and eastern Indonesia with the distribution of radiation in the Western Region of Indonesia (KBI) is about 4.5 kWh / m 2 / day the monthly variation of about 10%, and in Eastern Indonesia (KTI) of about 5.1 kWh / m 2 / day with a monthly variation of about 9%. Thus, the average wind potesi Indonesia approximately 4.8 kWh / m 2 / day with a monthly variation of about 9%.
To harness the potential of solar energy, there are 2 (two) kinds of technology that has been applied, namely solar thermal energy technologies and photovoltaic solar energy. Solar thermal energy is generally used for cooking (solar cooker), drying of agricultural products (oil, fisheries, forestry, food crops) and water heating. Photovoltaic solar energy is used to meet electricity needs, water pump, television, telecommunications, and refrigerators in health centers with a total capacity of ± 6 MW.
There are two kinds of solar energy technologies are developed, namely:
* The technology of photovoltaic solar energy;
* The technology of solar thermal energy.
A. TECHNOLOGY photovoltaic solar energy
Technology and the National Ability
Utilization of solar energy especially in the form of SHS (s olar home systems) has reached the semi-commercial stage.
The main components of a SESF are:
· Photovoltaic cells that convert solar radiation into electricity, are still imported, but for a solar module laminating already dkuasai;
· Balance of system (BOS) which includes the controller, inverter, module frame, electrical equipment, such as wires, plugs, etc., the technology can already be mastered;
· Unit energy storage (batteries) can already be made in the country;
· Other supporting equipment such as inverters for pumps, centralized systems, hybrid systems, and others are imported.
Local content, including construction of photovoltaic module encapsulation and framing around 25%, while the photovoltaic cells to be imported. Balance of System (BOS) still vary depending on system design. Local content of BOS is estimated to have reached above 75%.
Photovoltaics Development targets in Indonesia
* Target photovoltaic solar energy development in Indonesia is as follows: enhance the role of photovoltaic solar energy utilization in energy supply in rural areas, so that by 2020 their installed capacity to 25 MW.
* Enhance the role of solar energy utilization in urban areas.
* The lowest price of solar photovoltaic energy, in order to reach the commercial stage.
* Implementation SESF production equipment and support equipment in the country that have a high quality and highly competitive.
Photovoltaics Development Strategy in Indonesia
Photovoltaic solar energy development strategies in Indonesia are as follows:
* Encourage the use of integrated SESF, namely for lighting purposes (consumer) and SESF produktif.Mengembangan activities through two patterns, namely dispersed and centralized pattern adapted to field conditions. Scattered pattern is applied when the location of houses spread a considerable distance, while the pattern is applied when a centralized location centered homes.
* Develop SESF utilization in rural and urban areas.
* To encourage commercialization by maximizing the involvement of private SESF.
* Develop industry SESF domestic export-oriented.
* Encourage the creation of systems and efficient funding pattern involving the banking sector.
Photovoltaics Development Program in Indonesia
Photovoltaic solar energy development program is as follows:
* Develop SESF for rural electrification program, particularly to meet the demand for electricity in areas far from the reach of electricity.
* Increase the use of hybrid technology, particularly to meet the shortage of electricity supply from isolated diesel.
* Replace all or most of the power supply to customers and Household Social Small Small with SESF PLN. The proposed patterns are:
* Meets all electrical requirements for customers S1 with 220 VA power limit;
* Meets all customer requirements for S2 with 450 VA power limit;
* Meet 50% of the electricity needs for customers S2 with 900 VA power limit;
* Meeting the 50% requirement for R1 customers with 450 VA power limit.
* Encourage the use of SESF in buildings, especially Government House.
* Assess the possibility of establishing a solar module factory to meet domestic and export possibilities.
* Encourage private participation in the utilization of photovoltaic solar energy.
* Implement the cooperation with foreign countries to the construction of large-scale SESF.
Photovoltaics Utilization Opportunities
Indonesia's geographical condition consisting of small islands and remote causes are difficult to reach by the centralized power grid. To meet the energy needs in these areas, one type of energy is the potential for development of solar energy. Thus, solar energy can be harnessed for electricity enyedian p in order to accelerate rural electrification ratio.
It can be used for rural electrification program, chances are other woods utilization of solar energy:
* Lighting of roads and the environment;
* The provision of electricity to the house of worship. SESF is ideal for installation in these places because their needs are relatively small. With SESF 100 / 120Wp is sufficient for the purposes of lighting and loudspeakers;
* The provision of electricity to public utilities. With a power capacity of 400 Wp was sufficient to meet the electricity utilities;
* The provision of electricity to health facilities, such as: hospitals, health centers, integrated health, and maternity hospital;
* The provision of electricity to the Office of General Services Government. SESF proposed use at the office of the public service is to assist the conservation of energy and helping with PLN to reduce peak loads during the day;
* In order to pump water (solar power supply for waterpump) used for irrigation or other irrigation water (drinking water).
Photovoltaics Development constraints in Indonesia
* Constraints faced in the development of photovoltaic solar energy are:
* The price of solar modules which are major components are still expensive SESF result SESF prices to be expensive, so the lack of interest of financial institutions to provide credit for the development of Seef;
* It is difficult to get spare batteries and water, especially in rural areas, causing rapid deterioration SESF;
* Installation SESF in rural areas generally do not meet the technical standards that have been determined, so that system performance is not optimal and rapid deterioration.;
* In general, the application of SESF implemented in rural areas that most of its purchasing power is low, so that SESF development is highly dependent on government programs;
* There is no solar cell manufacturing industry in Indonesia, so that dependence on imports is very high. As a result, the decline of the rupiah against the dollar causes the price of solar modules are becoming increasingly expensive.
2. SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
During this time, thermal solar energy utilization in Indonesia is still done traditionally. The farmers and fishermen in Indonesia utilizing solar energy for drying agricultural and fishery directly.
Technology and the National Ability
A variety of thermal solar energy utilization technology for low scale applications (working temperature is less than or up to 60 o C) and medium (working temperature between 60 to 120 ° C) was controlled from the design-build, construction to manufacturing nationally. In general, solar thermal technology that can now be used include the simplest technology to associate. Some of the technology for low scale applications can be made by the carpentry workshop / regular iron. For medium-scale applications can be done by the national manufacturing industry.
Some of the equipment that has mastered the design and production system or unit as follows:
* Post-harvest Drying (various types of technology);
* Domestic water heater;
* Cookers / ovens;
* Water pump (with the Rankine cycle and working fluid Isopentane);
* Distiller water (Solar Distilation / Still);
* Cooling (radiative, absorption, evaporation, thermoelectric, kompressip, jet type);
* Solar sterilizer;
* Generating electricity using concentrator and the working fluid with low boiling points.
For small scale and simple technology, local content reaches 100%, while for systems with an industrial scale (middle) and using high technology (such as the use of collectors or Heat Pipe Vacuum Tube), a minimum local content reaches 50%.
Solar Thermal Energy Development Targets
Target the development of solar thermal energy in Indonesia is as follows:
Increasing the installed capacity of solar thermal energy systems, particularly for drying agricultural products, other productive activities, and sterilization in health centers.
The achievement level of commercialization of various solar thermal energy technologies with high local content.
Solar Thermal Energy Development Strategy
* The strategy of thermal solar energy development in Indonesia is as follows: Direct utilization of solar thermal energy for productive activities, especially for agro-industrial activities.
* Encourage private sector involvement in the development of solar thermal technology.
* Ong Mendor creation of systems and patterns of effective funding.
* Encourage the involvement of the business community to develop solar thermal.
Solar Thermal Energy Development Program
Thermal solar energy development program in Indonesia is as follows:
Conduct an inventory, as well as the identification and mapping of potential technological applications fototermik an ongoing basis.
The dissemination and transfer of technology from the developer to the user (the agro-industrial, commercial buildings, etc.) and national producers (manufacturing, mechanical workshops, etc.) through a communication, education and training and pilot projects.
* Implement the national standardization of components and systems technology fototermik.
* Assess financing schemes in order to develop a national manufacturing.
* Increase research and development activities for a variety of technologies fototermik.
* Improve local mass production and assessment for possible export.
* Development of high temperature fototermik technologies, such as: power generation, Stirling engines, and others.
Solar Thermal Energy Utilization Opportunities
Prospects of solar thermal energy technology is quite large, especially to support the improvement of the quality of post-harvest agricultural commodities, for commercial or residential buildings in urban areas.
* The prospect of utilization in the public sector is large enough, namely:
* Industry, especially agro-industries and rural industries, namely for post-harvest handling of agricultural products, such as: drying (food commodities, plantation, fishery / animal husbandry, wood processing) and cooling (fish, fruit and vegetables);
* Commercial buildings or offices, namely: to the conditioning room (Passive Solar Building, AC) and water heaters;
* Households, such as for water heaters and oven / cooker;
* Health Centres in remote rural areas, namely: for the sterilizer, the vaccine refrigerator and water heater.
Solar Thermal Energy Development Constraints
The main obstacles encountered in the development of solar thermal is:
* The technology of solar thermal energy for cooking and drying of agricultural products is still very limited. However, as water heaters, solar thermal energy has reached the commercial stage. Solar thermal technology is still evolving because of socialization into the wider community is still very low;
* The purchasing power is low, although prices are relatively cheap;
Human resources (HR) in the field of solar thermal is still very limited. Currently, HR is only available in Java and limited in any college in this country.
Source : ESDM
No comments:
Post a Comment